Compare or contrast two consumer items of the same type (Iphone ) Essay

Look at or differentiate two shopper things of a similar sort (Iphone ) - Essay Example For certain individuals the two telephones are not unique. Notwithstanding, the two telephones vary from multiple points of view. The primary contrast between iPhone 4 and the iPhone 4s is on the phone’s camera. The iPhone 4 had a 5MP camera while the new iPhone 4s has a camera with 8Mp, which is viewed as the best camera that a telephone can have. Moreover, the iPhone 4S has an expanded opening which is f/2.4 when contrasted with the f/2.8 gap size in iPhone 4. The video of the iPhone 4s has likewise been improved when contrasted with that of the iPhone 4. The iPhone 4 could shoot in HD 720p while the iPhone 4S can shoot recordings at HD1080p. Moreover, the iPhone 4s has included video adjustment capacity when contrasted with iPhone 4 (Apples Web). Another contrast between iPhone 4 and iPhone 4s is on the capacity. iPhone 4S has an interior stockpiling limit of 64GB. In actuality, the iPhone 4 had an inward stockpiling limit of 32GB. Furthermore, the iPhone 4S has a memory card space development which is a component ailing in past iPhones including iPhone 4 (Apples Web). Extra contrast between iPhone 4S and the iPhone 4 is on the recieving wires. The iPhones have distinctive number of recieving wires to such an extent that they can switch between the various reception apparatuses while calling. The iPhone 4 (GSM) has three radio wire breaks while the iPhone 4S have four reception apparatuses. The iPhone 4 and the iPhone 4S contrast in appearance marginally. The iPhone 4s has an entrance board and encased Micro SIM while the iPhone 4 (CDMA) comes up short on the entrance board just as the encased SIM card. Moreover, the iPhone 4 and the iPhone 4S is the sequential numbers which are situated on the back(Apples Web). An additional contrast between iPhone 4S and the iPhone is on the interior processor. The iPhone 4S ha double center Apple A5 processor while the iPhone 4 has a solitary center A4 processor. Both iPhone 4 and the iPhone 4S have 512 MB RAM. Be that as it may, the iPhone 4S is double cross quicker than the iPhone 4. Moreover, the

Dreyfus Affair Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dreyfus Affair - Case Study Example The Dreyfus Affair had the option to produce significant effect on the French Jewry exercises; the undertaking had profound effect on the Jewish individuals, and is answerable for the presentation of intense changes in the methodology, getting, conduct, inclination and way of life of the Jewish people group. The aspiration behind the accomplishment of the achievement was to cause the French Jewry to understand that it was a genuine and non-hostile practice to depict as Jew in another to help the partners of other network. The scientists have demonstrated that the advanced French Jewish associations have their relationship with the focal gathering of individuals who were big fans of Dreyfus. 'The Affair quickly turned into a matter of conclusion, a polemical discussion, ruled by a class cognizance's (Forth, 2006). It demonstrated that the unfairness done to the people went announced, and was incredibly outright, hostile and corrupt. The political ramifications of the Dreyfus Affairs has been that it was answerable for the difference in government, and the recently framed government stopped their exercises and limited their contribution in 'military, administrative and extraordinary patriot alliance in the Dreyfus Affair, a law isolating Church and State'. The Affair was answerable for the improvement of Anti-Semitism, such powers assumed control over the stage and the people didn't recognize the arrangements for the equivalent status of Jews, and challenged their opportunity and arrangements for human rights in support of themselves, the gathering of people was driven by 'those determined by a vindictive energy' (George, 1899). 'In addition, the counter Semitism took on its contemporary structure; the gathering featured the linkages and alliance of the Jews with account, and global force. The principal indications of Vichy France could as of now be identified, both in the counter Semitic press and such developments were liable for the association of the individuals who shared bolstered and were adherent of hostile to Jewish position. They essentially required authority status. In this sense, the Dreyfus Affair can be viewed as the forerunner of a twentieth century which would be significantly darker for the Jews' (Forth, 2006). The liberation of Jews was noticeable; in this way the occasion is viewed as the hotspot for the disclosure of Jew's shakiness. 'Above all else, it demonstrated that absorption was basically a figment which had kept going one century', the thought was finished up and bolstered by the Bernard Lazare , who is viewed as the best heroes of osmosis. It was understood that enemy of Semitism is a lasting wonder, 'and that the main salvation for the Jews lay in a national arrangement'. Herzl, another promoter of absorption, sent that the issue was liable for stirred 'an old long for the Jewish individuals, starting off what was to be the best insurgency in current Judaism: Zionism'. 'The Dreyfus Affair was consequently initiator of two occasions for example the Shoah and Zionism, both the occasions were liable for the change of the Jewish society and devotees to terms of their segment, geographic, and social affiliations and linkages. The Dreyfus Affair affected and changed the fate of Jewish individuals. The issue got due conc entration and consideration of the nearby populace, and concerns were communicated by the International government. The Affair 'obtained a polemical nature overwhelmed by a class awareness' (Littman, 2005). The Dreyfus

European Conference Knowledge Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The European Conference Knowledge Management? Answer: Introducation Information might be characterized as the understanding into a person or thing like data, realities, aptitudes or portrayal that can be picked up by training or experience, by revelation, study or observation. It might include a commonsense or hypothetical comprehension of a specific subject. Information might be both certain and express. Understood information alludes to the skill or pragmatic comprehension of an issue while the unequivocal information manages the hypothetical cognizance of the concerned subject. The paper focuses on characterizing information from the philosophical perspective. It illuminates the tripartite meaning of information. The accompanying paper fundamentally centers around propositional information. This exposition likewise investigates the varieties and counter-instances of propositional information and attempts to clarify them also. As per the popular thinker Plato, information might be characterized as any conviction that is valid and advocated (Sisson Ryan, 2015, September). The investigation of information is known as epistemology. Information is something that can be gained and that can be familiar with. Information perhaps got from an assortment of sources. These sources can be comprehensively arranged into recognition, deduction, declaration and comparability. Information possibly procured from the referenced sources however information doesn't rely just upon these sources. Epistemology incorporates an individual's conviction and what an individual accepts. Along these lines, the possibility of truth and convictions fused in the idea of information (Pritchard, 2013). Information, as per numerous savants, might be characterized as defended genuine conviction. It holds the view that for a to know s there must exist an element s; an ought to have faith in s and the conviction of an ought to be legitimized. This meaning of information is otherwise called the tripartite meaning of information. This meaning of information characterizes propositional information however not information accumulated by excellence of associate. There are savants like Edmund Gettier who set forward the hypothesis that the tripartite definition is lacking (Gettier, 2007). He further contends that the concerned onlooker might be uninformed of the way that all the provisions of the tripartite are satisfied. The word information can be characterized in different manners in the English language (Granzon Josefson, 2012). Right off the bat, information might be characterized as that of people. The individual information might be characterized as information dependent on associate. The information referenced may allude to a people ownership of information about any individual, place different things. Furthermore, any information on a reality about any individual, spot or thing may likewise be named as information. In this sort of information, an individual cases his insight into a reality about a person or thing. In this way, this is arranged as true information. Truthful information may likewise be alluded to as propositional information. In this sort of information, it isn't important to know the reality and the individual or thing that it is connected to in connection to one another. The realities might be referred to independently also. In certain dialects of the world, it is recognizabl e that there exists separate jargon for information dependent on associate and information dependent on realities. Information can be grouped in one more manner. Under this arrangement, information is characterized based on aptitudes. A recommendation might be characterized as an explanation that can have two qualities, valid and bogus. The recommendations are constantly found happening toward the finish of sentences. Information might be broke down through the philosophical ability of calculated investigation. Calculated examination expects to accomplish a more clear and better comprehension of an idea by making an endeavor to investigate the circumstances under which the thought applies. There are three distinct advances that follow each other in the comparable request with the objective of accomplishing a counter-model free meaning of the equivalent. Philosophical readings don't generally give such clear outcomes, yet by and by furnishes with a more profound comprehension of the idea that is being investigated. The initial move towards reasonable examination is the utilization of natural information towards the strategy for use of an idea. It alludes to the limit of the concerned individual to advance an essent ial meaning of the idea. The following stage of the procedure is to search for counter-models assuming any. The third and last advance includes re-assessment of the essential definition to maintain a strategic distance from the counter-models that were experienced. Philosophical articulations and investigations are commonly founded on adequate and important conditions. The adequate conditions are those that ensure that an end would be reached on satisfying the given conditions. The vital conditions gave preclude different other options and express that to achieve the ideal outcomes even those must be satisfied. In the language of theory, these are known as though and just if conditions (Ayer, 1956). So as to show up at the essential definition, an idea should clear the adequate and important conditions. It might be said that something is an if and just if p. in this model, p is both the adequate and the fundamental condition. On further rearrangements of the definition it might be said that to be distinguished as a the condition p ought to be satisfied. Information, as per theory, can be gotten from conviction and sureness. The meaning of information as defended genuine conviction set forward specific conditions. It advocates that In less complex words, it might be said that so as to know something, the subject of information must be valid. The individual possessing the information needs to believe it to be valid. It must have reasons enough to help the thought that it is valid. Information can be guaranteed on a specific theme just when all the limitations talked about above are met. This hypothesis is the greater part of the occasions passed on through the presentation that information is supported genuine conviction. A few scholars recommend that there ought to be a requirement in the meaning of information that considers it qualified to be utilized during the time spent procuring further information (Grobler, 2012). In a paper distributed in 1963, Edmund Gettier, an American scholar, had raised a couple of difficult issues with respect to this hypothesis of information. In his paper, Gettier had furnished with counter-guides to this hypothesis that were considered essential for his contention to get fruitful. The prominent American thinker contends that it is workable for an individual to legitimately have faith in a recommendation that is, in actuality, bogus. He besides expresses a might be supported in his conviction p; p needs q; a finds q from p and trust q also be the aftereffect of the referenced derivation (Gettier, 2007; Janvid, 2012). In this manner an is reasonable in accepting q. Gettier opens his paper tending to the issue that a conviction that appears to be legitimized and genuine is bogus in all actuality. His proposals may prompt the conviction that the early people were legitimate and supported in their conviction that the earth is level and not circular or the very presence of Santa Claus. It is seen as amazingly intelligent with respect to the precursors of present day individuals to accept that the outside of the earth is level. This is so on the grounds that they never discovered proof of any reality that demonstrated something else. So also, on account of the presence of Santa Claus, kids have defense enough to accept that the individual exists as a result of absence of purpose behind questioning guardians. Gettier advances another presumption against the hypothesis in conversation. As indicated by him, information can be gotten from induction drawn from a genuine conviction that is supported (Williamson, 2015). For this situation, the legitimizati on is acquired from the way that the induction was taken from a defended conviction. In this specific circumstance, Gettier advances certain contextual investigations to feature the suspicions (Cohen Comesaa, 2013). One such contextual investigation is alluded to as The Strange Case of Smith and Jones. For this situation is discovered that Smith is told by the arrangement head that Jones makes certain to find employed for a line of work and Smith while hanging tight for the meeting watches Jones checking ten coins. While hanging tight for the meeting results, Smith proceeds to encourage coherent reasonings and goes to an acknowledgment that it involves that the individual to be employed has ten coins. While Smith is occupied in coherent reasonings, Smith uncovers a few scraps of his meeting which assists Smith with concluding that Smith, and not Jones is to be recruited. In this way, it is seen that the prior recommendation that Jones would be employed ended up being bogus. Now and again, it might be seen that information on occasion might be broken whenever deduced from a non-solid source. Gettier recommends the expansion of another condition in the examination of information (Austin, 2012). This condition expresses that the conviction ought not be showing up from any inferential procedure that may include a deception. It might be seen that there is a non-inferential wellspring of information that shows that the picked up information through sight may not generally be valid (Williamson, 2015). Information is memory-based which suggests that an individual ought to recollect a reality learnt at a specific time ought to recall and recognize the equivalent from that point. Information might be obtained through observation, memory or a blend of the two. Derivation is one more wellspring of information; it tends to be gotten through different techniques like reflecting and reproduction of recently known realities (Goldman, 1967). Along these lines, from the conversation above, it might be presumed that information might be characterized on an assortment of perspectives. Numerous philosophical hypotheses and convictions characterize information dependent on the wellspring of the information just as the legitimacy of the equivalent. The tripartite hypothesis of information may hold useful for specific instances of information yet not for all the cases. The speculations and suspicions set forth by Gettier ought to likewise be remembered while endeavoring a meaning of information. Information is a

10 Chemicals You Can Use to Turn Fire Green

10 Chemicals You Can Use to Turn Fire Green Green is conceivably the coolest shading to turn flares. It is anything but a shading you get from the fuel, so you need to add a synthetic to get the impact. The shading originates from the particle emanation spectra, so you can utilize any of the synthetic compounds that produce green in the systematic strategy known as the fire test. The most promptly accessible compoundsâ are: boric corrosive (boron mixes), sold as a disinfectant and cockroach killerborax (boron mixes), sold as a clothing promoter and home cleanercopper sulfate (copper(II) mixes), sold as a root executioner and algicide Be that as it may, different synthetic compounds will make green blazes: thallium compoundsantimony compoundsbarium compoundsmanganese (II) compoundsmolybdenum compoundsammonium compoundsphosphates soaked with sulfuric corrosive Step by step instructions to Get Green Fire On the off chance that you add any of these synthetics to a fire, youll get green blazes. The difficulty is, there may be different synthetic compounds in your fuel that can overwhelm the green, making it difficult to see. You can add copper mixes to wood fire and get a scope of hues, including green. The vast majority of the different colorants wont work with an open air fire or chimney fire since sodium in the fuel emanates a brilliant yellow light that overwhelms the green shading. The most ideal approach to get green fire is to warm the synthetic compounds in a blue gas fire or to add them to a liquor based fuel. Notwithstanding gel energizes, you can utilize methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. Security Information None of these synthetic compounds is palatable and a couple are poisonous, so dont broil marshmallows, franks, or other food over a green fire. Having said that, the boron and copper mixes are moderately protected in that they arent devoured by the fire, so they dont truly add to the poisonousness of any smoke, in addition to they are family synthetic concoctions thatâ can be washed down the channel. In the event that you are utilizing colorants on an outdoors excursion or outside, know about the impacts of the synthetic substances on the earth. Significant levels of boron mixes can be poisonous to certain plants. Significant levels of copper mixes can be destructive to spineless creatures. These are properties that help make these synthetic concoctions valuable in the home, however not very good for wild environments. Use care with methanol (wood liquor) and isopropanol (scouring liquor), since these fills are retained through the skin and are poisonous.

Impact of Organizational Change Leadership and Organization Developmen

Question: Examine about the Impact of Organizational Change Leadership and Organization Development. Answer: Presentation The report represents an effective authoritative difference in an endeavor situated in Australia. It is seen that the association has seen an extreme authoritative change that outcomes into a huge change in the creation of the organization. In the advanced business world, it is said that the change is steady. Without embracing any change, an association can't support in the serious business world. Rivalry isn't just as far as the efficiency yet in addition as far as representative relations just as other human asset characteristics. The contextual analysis of Holden organization is depicted here as far as progress in the business execution. It tends to be said that the report will depict the utilization of the hypothetical structures so as to roll out the hierarchical improvement steady inside the authoritative point of view. The following segment will depict about the contextual investigation in subtleties. It additionally talks about the improvement in execution of the organization , while coordinating the intensity in the market. Contextual analysis report The contextual analysis is about the General Motors Holden is a significant case regarding authoritative change. Authoritative change is a fundamental factor that includes both the procedures of dealing with the change and treatment of the human issues of the organization at neighborhood level. Be that as it may, it very well may be seen that Australian market for cars is serious in nature (Anderson 2013). The organization has seen a considerable misfortune in the deals of their vehicles when contrasted with the deals of other car organizations in the market. Aside from that, it very well may be said that organization is chiefly engaged into Australian market so as to cook the necessities of the Australian clients (van cave Heuvel et al. 2014). Holden is considered as the worldwide merchant and maker of motors, engine vehicles, segments of the vehicles and its various parts. General Motors and Holden universally sees Australian market as a legitimate plan focus of springboard and greatness that encourages them growing them into Asian markets (Benn et al. 2014). In any case, it very well may be stated, the organization is confronting issues in extending their market in Asian nations as the organization needs the field of administration. It brings about numerous HR related issues, for example, frail representative relations, absence of correspondence issue, more vulnerable innovative work office. It is seen that these issues has emerge because of inflexible hierarchical culture (Volkoff and Strong 2013). Aside from that, it very well may be seen that diverse acts of the organization isn't so sufficient so they can moderate the culturally diverse issues of the organization. These are the issues and issues that are looked by Ho lden during the hour of intensity in the market. It is called attention to that there is a need of authoritative change in the organization for the improvement of the profitability of the organization (Cameron and Green 2015). The hypothetical system of Lewins change the board model is the fitting model in this setting to expel the boundaries from the brains of the representatives working in the organization. The model comprised of three stages, for example, unfreeze, change and refreeze. Unfreeze is the phase that includes separating the current business as usual of the procedure of activities. In this circumstance, it very well may be said that the various workers of the associations are not prepared to acknowledge the change that is proposed by the administration group of Holden (Robey et al. 2013). As far as usage of initiative procedures, the organization has selected an authority group that establishes individuals with profoundly ability in administration. Notwithstanding, it very well may be said that the pioneers are confronting numerous issues in speaking with the representatives while accomplishing the consequences of the new system. In this unique circumstance, the change the executives model of Lewin is actualized so as to actualize the methodologies in the different operational divisions of the organization (Coghlan et al. 2015). The change is the second component of the model that is distinctive for the various components. The stage includes progress of the brains of the workers who are at first doesn't bolster the effect of new culture in the association and the various styles of administration of participative authority and situational initiative (Vakola 2014). The third phase of the model is the refreeze. This stage includes the changed authoritative culture in Holden. The stage interlocks all the parts of the necessary hierarchical change in the viewpoint of the workers. The senior administration of the organization acknowledges the proposed initiative system of Holden in the point of view of the authority and relational abilities (Cameron and McNaughtan 2014). In any case, it tends to be said that the new administration group will improve the business development alongside acknowledgment, accomplishment of results, and advancement of initiative. Aside from that, another group of activity arranging workshop is likewise selected so as to build up an arrangement that would center the improvement of a typical picture in building a compelling group working of the association alongside the recognizable proof of the territories of weakness and qualities inside the group (Carter et al. 2013). End The investigation delineates about the advancement of the workers and the presentation of the organization in the Australian car showcase. A point by point examination of the contextual analysis had been led. The official group of Holden or General Motors Holden are developing at a quick pace while executing the advanced innovations alongside their ability in the organization. Aside from that, it is seen that, Lewins change the board model is applied so as to reduce the impact of the impediments while executing the authoritative change methodologies inside the different divisions of the organization. The ramifications of the hypothetical structure help in keeping up the adjustment in the association. It is seen that the organization has taken a correct choice in enrolling a group that will help in driving initiative to the organization. The individual abilities of the individuals enlisted by the organization are answerable for the improvement of the worker relations and efficiency al l in all. The change is seen by the market that helps in achieving their business objectives. References Anderson, D.L., 2013.Organization turn of events: The way toward driving hierarchical change. Sage Publications. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. what's more, Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate supportability. Routledge. Cameron, E. what's more, Green, M., 2015.Making feeling of progress the board: a total manual for the models, devices and methods of authoritative change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cameron, K. also, McNaughtan, J., 2014. Positive hierarchical change.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,50(4), pp.445-462. Carter, M.Z., Armenakis, A.A., Feild, H.S. what's more, Mossholder, K.W., 2013. Transformational initiative, relationship quality, and worker execution during persistent steady authoritative change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), pp.942-958. Coghlan, D., Rashford, N.S. what's more, de Figueiredo, J.N., 2015.Organizational change and technique: An interlevel elements approach. Routledge. Robey, D., Anderson, C. what's more, Raymond, B., 2013. Data innovation, materiality, and hierarchical change: An expert odyssey.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,14(7), p.379. Vakola, M., 2014. What's in there for me? Singular preparation to change and the apparent effect of hierarchical change.Leadership Organization Development Journal,35(3), pp.195-209. van lair Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E. also, Bakker, A.B., 2014. How mental assets encourage adjustment to hierarchical change.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,23(6), pp.847-858. Volkoff, O. what's more, Strong, D.M., 2013. Basic Realism and Affordances: Theorizing IT-Associated Organizational Change Processes.Mis Quarterly,37(3), pp.819-834.

What You Shouldnt Do When Applying to Graduate School

Avoid these Kisses of Death in the graduate admissions process. Guest post by Dr. Drew Appleby, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis and Dr. Karen Appleby, Idaho State University. Dr. Appleby and Dr.   Appleby surveyed psychology graduate admissions committee chairs and discovered 5 types of errors that applicants make and that decrease their chances of acceptance to graduate psychology programs. The authors labeled these mistakes Kisses of Death (KODs). When we shared the study with Accepted’s staff, all felt that it reflected realty far beyond the confine of psychology. We sought permission from the authors to share their summary of KODs, and they graciously gave it. The following are Kisses of Death in the graduate psychology admissions process, and probably in all other graduate admissions processes too. Numerous authors offer advice to undergraduate psychology majors about what they should do to gain admission to graduate programs. However, few authors advise students about what they should not do when applying to graduate school and, when they do, few support their advice with data. We surveyed the chairs of graduate school admissions committees in psychology about the contents of graduate school applications that decreased chances for acceptance (i.e., kisses of death or KODs). A qualitative analysis of these surveys yielded the following six categories of KODs. Although the KODs identified in this study reflect unwise choices on the part of applicants, we believe many of them resulted more from a lack of appropriate advising and mentoring than from a lack of applicants’ intelligence. Unless undergraduate psychology programs provide appropriate advising and mentoring concerning graduate school culture and the requirements of the graduate school application process, their majors are likely to commit these KODs. For example, an unmentored psychology major may interpret a personal statement at face value by perceiving it as an opportunity to share personal (i.e., private) information with the members of a graduate admissions committee. Unless applicants know that a personal statement should address issues such as research interests and perceived fit with a program, they may misinterpret its purpose and write personal statements that inadvertently doom their applications. Similarly, an unmentored student may interpret a letter of recommendation as a request for information from a person who knows her/him well and can vouch for her/his admirable traits and strong values (e.g., a family member or a member of the clergy). The purpose of our study was to remedy these unfortunate situations by providing undergraduate psychology majors with advice that will enable them to avoid the KODs in the graduate school application process. Damaging Personal Statements Avoid excessively altruistic statements (e.g., â€Å"I just want to help people.†). Graduate faculty could interpret these statements to mean you believe a strong need to help others is more important to your success in graduate school than a desire to perform research and engage in other academic and professional activities. Avoid providing excessively self-revealing information. Faculty may interpret such information as a sign you are unaware of the value of interpersonal or professional boundaries in sensitive areas. Avoid inappropriate humor, attempts to appear cute or clever, and references to God or religious issues when these issues are unrelated to the program to which you are applying. Admissions committee members may interpret this type of information to mean you lack awareness of the formal nature of the application process or the culture of graduate school. Flawed Letters of Recommendation Avoid letters of recommendation from people who do not know you well, whose portrayals of your characteristics may not be objective (e.g., a relative), or who are unable to base their descriptions in an academic context (e.g., your minister). Letters from these authors can give the impression you are unable or unwilling to solicit letters from individuals whose depictions are accurate, objective, or professionally relevant. Avoid letter of recommendation authors who will provide unflattering descriptions of your personal or academic characteristics. These descriptions provide a clear warning that you are not suited for graduate study. Choose your letter of recommendation authors carefully. Do not simply ask potential authors if they are willing to write you a letter of recommendation; ask them if they are able to write you a strong letter of recommendation. This question will allow them to decline your request diplomatically if they believe their letter may be more harmful than helpful. Avoid statements that reflect a generic approach to the application process or an unfamiliarity with the program to which you are applying. These statements signal you have not made an honest effort to learn about the program from which you are saying you want to earn your graduate degree. Avoid statements that indicate you and the target program are a perfect fit if these statements are not corroborated with specific evidence that supports your assertion (e.g., your research interests are similar to those of the program’s faculty). Graduate faculty can interpret a lack of this evidence as a sign that you and the program to which you are applying are not a good match. Lack of Information About the Program to Which You Are Applying   Avoid statements that reflect a generic approach to the application process or an unfamiliarity with the program to which you are applying. These statements signal you have not made an honest effort to learn about the program from which you are saying you want to earn your graduate degree. Avoid statements that indicate you and the target program are a perfect fit if these statements are not corroborated with specific evidence that supports your assertion (e.g., your research interests are similar to those of the program’s faculty). Graduate faculty can interpret a lack of this evidence as a sign that you and the program to which you are applying are not a good match. Poor Writing Skills Avoid spelling or grammatical errors in your application. These errors are an unmistakable warning of substandard writing skills, a refusal to proofread your work, or your willingness to submit careless written work. Avoid writing in an unclear, disorganized, or unconvincing manner that does not provide your readers with a coherent picture of your research, educational, and professional goals. A crucial part of your graduate training will be writing; do not communicate your inability to write to those you hope will be evaluating your writing in the future. Misfired Attempts to Impress Avoid attempts to impress the members of a graduate admissions committee with information they may interpret as insincere flattery (e.g., referring to the target program in an excessively complimentary manner) or inappropriate (e.g., namedropping or blaming others for poor academic performance). Graduate admissions committees are composed of intelligent people; do not use your application as an opportunity to insult their intelligence. Thank you to Dr. Drew Appleby and Dr. Karen Appleby for sharing this report with Accepted.com. //

Nucleic Acids Examples

Nucleic Acids Examples Nucleic Acids The nucleic acids have a far more important-sounding name: the building blocks of life. These components are found in DNA and RNA of every living thing on the planet. They're located in the nucleus of all living cells, and have a variety of jobs, including the construction of proteins, the replication of the cells for longevity and growth, the containment of genetic material that is passed to offspring, and more. There are five chief types of components in nucleic acids: cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil, and adenine. Whether the acid contains uracil or thymine determines whether it is DNA (thymine) or RNA (uracil). Examples of Nucleic Acids: 1. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, is a well-known component in genetics. It contains all of the genetic information for a living organism, carried as long strings of information called genes. These genes are found in the nucleus of the cells. A polymer structure made of sugar provides the attachment point for the nucleobases that make up the DNA. The combinations of where these nucleobases attach forms our hereditary traits. 2. RNA Ribonucleic acid, or RNA, is also present in the nuclei of living things, although there are certain types of RNA viruses that only contain RNA, and not DNA. There are now several known classes of RNA, but three major types-transfer RNA, messenger RNA, and ribosomal RNA-are mostly responsible for all of the action in the nucleus that pertains to the genetic information. RNA carries the information along, is responsible for the growth of new proteins, and creating peptide bonds. 3. Artificial Nucleic Acids Some nucleic acids are synthesized in a laboratory setting by scientists who can create analogous structures to actual DNA and RNA. This is typically done for research purposes, specifically in medicine and molecular biology fields. 4. Mutations Mutations can occur within the DNA and RNA structures that have devastating consequences for the living organism that contains it. Some of these mutations to the nucleic acids have resulted in medical conditions such as heart disease, certain kinds of cancer, cystic fibrosis, Down's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Tay-Sachs disease, and many more.

Looking for Alaska Book Review - 1001 Words

Looking For Alaska by John Green. This book is divided into two sections, Before and After. Summary Before. â€Å"Francois Rabelais. He was a poet. And his last words were ‘’I go to seek a Great Perhaps.’’ That’s why I’m going. So I don’t have to wait until I die to start seeking a Great Perhaps.† Sixteen-year-old Miles (Pudge) Halter’s life has been devastatingly dull. He has no friends, no girls and no adventures, except for an obsession over the last words of dead famous people. And so he leaves Florida for a boarding school in Alabama, in hope to find the Great Perhaps. There, he befriends an interesting group of students consisting of his genius-scholarship-student roommate, Colonel; the witty-rap-obsessed Japanese,†¦show more content†¦This book deals with teens in a realistic and important way. The sprinkling of famous last words and philosophies completes the plot with precise dosage, rather than distract. And the characters, flawed as it is are still very human, well-developed and their actions come across as genuine. This book connects itself so much to me that at one point, I could basically picture myself as Miles ‘Pudge’ Halter. I have so much in common with him, that I’m able to read the book from my point of view. When he says things like â€Å"I hated sports. I hated sports, and I hated people who played them, and I hated people who watched them, and I hated people who didnt hate people who watched or played them.† and â€Å"I hated talking, and I hated listening to everyone else stumble on their words and try to phrase things in the vaguest possible way so they wouldn’t sound dumb.† I laughed so loud that my mom thought I was on drugs. There were lumps inside my throat when I read the last page of the book. Because I’d like to believe Alaska isn’t dead. I’d like to picture her smoking or drinking in the barn, sorting out her priorities. I’d like to picture her driving home, and stopping at her boyfriend’ s house to tell him it’s over. I know she isn’t fully committed to her boyfriend. If she loved her boyfriends, she wouldn’t have felt the need to say it to Pudge. I’d like to see her at home, reading a book alone in her room and most of all, I want to see her happily in love with Pudge. I want toShow MoreRelatedEssay on John Green6381 Words   |  26 Pagesin 2000 with a double major in English and Religious Studies. For a few consecutive years, he exerted himself for the book review journal Booklist as both a publishing assistant along with production editor. While committed to the job, he was also writing his first book Looking for Alaska. Not only did he have those jobs, he also critiqued books for The New York Times Book Review and helped out Chicago’s public radio station. 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Green was born in Indianapolis to Mike and Sydney Green  and his family moved three weeks after he was born  to  Orlando, Florida.  He attended Lake Highland Preparatory School  and  Indian Springs School  (which he later used as the main setting for  Looking for Alaska),  a boarding and day school outside of  Birmingham, Alabama  andRead MorePlan Your Luxury Cruise and Get the Best Deal1541 Words   |  6 Pageswhile on your cruise? Most luxury cruise ships have a small chapel used just for this purpose. What sort of amenities are you looking for? Is it important to you that the ship have a spa? Shopping? Activities for your children? Check out the offerings of each cruise line before you make up your mind. To help narrow down your search, look for any web sites that offer reviews on the different cruise lines. 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The inference being that individualistic societies have a less integrated group dynamics, the emphasis on looking after oneself and perhaps your own nuclear family. Whilst collectivist societies tend to be viewed as having tight group cohesion with the emphasis on the ties between members of extended families and those in one’s community. Masculinity (MAS)Read MoreEssay about The Public-Private Prison Debate2326 Words   |  10 Pagespercent of the total prison expense. Because of this fiscal pressure, governments are looking for alternatives to the public prison system. The predominant idea for reformation is privatization of prisons. Journals abound with responses to this idea including Ph.D. Gaes’s article in the National Institute of Justice Journal, L. Beaty’s article in The Case Journal, and R. Culp’s article in the Criminal Justice Policy Review. In Gaes’s article, his problem with the decision to transfer prisons into private

Essay on Hemingway and Symbolism - 2162 Words

Hemingway and Symbolism Ernest Hemingway and Symbolism Ernest Miller Hemingway is a well-known American author who wrote in the twentieth century. He has written several novels such as, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea. The Sun Also Rises was finished on April1, 1926 and was published in October of 1926. The Sun Also Rises was Hemingways expression of his own life. He had changed the names of his friends and some of the details, but the real identities of the characters were obvious to anyone in Paris. The Sun Also Rises encapsulates the angst of the post-World War I generation, know as the Lost Generation. This poignantly beautiful story of a group of American and English expatriates†¦show more content†¦In high school he was mediocre at sports, playing football, swimming, water basketball and serving as the track team manager. He also worked on the school newspaper called the Trapeze. Hemingway graduated in the spring of 1917 and instead of going to college the following fall like his parents expected; he took a job as a reporter for the Kansas City Star. Hemingway signed up as a volunteer ambulance driver for the Red Cross during WWI. He was accepted in December of 1917, left his job at the paper in April of 1918, and sailed for Europe in May. When Hemingway returned home from Italy in January of 1919 he found Oak Park dull compared to the adventures of war. With a letter of introduction from Sherwood Anderson, Hemingway met some of Paris prominent writers and artists and forged quick friendships with them during his first few years. Counted among those friends were Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Sylvia Beach, James Joyce, Max Eastman, Lincoln Steffens and Wyndahm Lewis, and he was acquainted with the painters Miro and Picasso. Hemingway was inspired to write different works at different times because of the events that occured in his life. Hemingway died July 2, 1961, at his home, as the result of self-inflicted gunshot wounds. Ernest Hemingway had a different style of writing than the other authors in his time. The Sun Also Rises is the book that established Hemingway as a literary force and itShow MoreRelatedErnest Hemingway Indian Camp Symbolism1137 Words   |  5 PagesAmong all the stories I had the chance to read in this course, â€Å"Indian Camp† by Ernest Hemingway kept on reappearing on my mind, as if it was part of a movie I recently watched and its juxtapose of complexity vs. simplicity was longing for a deeper understanding and appreciation. Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Indian Camp† includes symbols with deeper meanings within the imagery and characters. The story is very straight forward, simple and minimalist. It doesn’t beat around the bush, exposing unnecessaryRead MoreThe Symbolism of Water in A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway603 Words   |  3 PagesThe Symbolism of Water in A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway A Farewell to Arms, by Ernest Hemingway, is a story about love and war. Frederic Henry, a young American, works as an ambulance driver for the Italian army in World War I. He falls tragically in love with a beautiful English nurse, Miss Catherine Barkley. This tragedy is reflected by water. Throughout the novel Ernest Hemingway uses water as metaphors. Rivers are used as symbols of rebirth and escape and rain as tragedy andRead More Symbolism in Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway1687 Words   |  7 Pageswell-written short story, different literary elements and terms are incorporated into the story by the author. Ernest Hemingway frequently uses various literary elements in his writing to entice the reader and enhance each piece that he writes. In Hills Like White Elephants, Hemingway uses symbols to teach the reader certain things that one may encounter during daily life. Symbolism may be defined as relating to, using, or proceeding by means of symbols (Princeton). T he use of symbols in Hills LikeRead More Symbols and Symbolism in A Clean Well-Lighted Place, By Hemingway717 Words   |  3 PagesSymbolism in A Clean Well-Lighted Place    Symbolism, may be defined as a non-superficial representation of an idea or belief that goes beyond what is seen.   Earnest Hemingways A Clean Well-Lighted Place uses symbolism to help convey the theme of Nihilism, the philosophy that there is nothing heavenly to believe in.   It discusses that there is no supernatural reason or explanation of how the world is today.   Three symbols: the soldier, the cafà ©, and the shadows of the leaves, found inRead MoreThe Symbolism in â€Å"The Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway548 Words   |  3 Pagesfor a train to Madrid. While they wait they order drinks and have a heated ongoing conversation over whether or not Jig will have an operation that would be of great significance to their relationship. â€Å"The Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway has two important symbols in the story, the hills and the drinks both of which help to give us a better understanding of what is going on between the Ameri can and his girl. The story begins with a vivid description of a train station surroundedRead MoreSymbolism In Hills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway844 Words   |  4 PagesWhite Elephants,† I noticed the characters drinking copious amounts of alcohol. Alcohol is notoriously known for its ‘cure-all or drink until you forget why you started’ abilities. Therefore, I wanted to start with Hills Like White Elephants. When Hemingway first eases the readers into the story, he talks about a junction where a man and woman are waiting for their train. While at this junction, both parties are continuously throwing back beer after beer. Max Kaisler would suggest, â€Å"Drinking is theRead MoreSymbolism In Hills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway992 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1927, Ernest Hemingway penned a short story titled, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† The story takes place at a train station in Spain and depicts a troublesome dilemma for the two main characters. The story begins with the characters casually discussing what kind of beer to partake in; the tone quickly shifts when the man mentions a surgery to his female friend, Jig. The reader is left to infer that the two characters are discussing an abortion. Ernest Hemingway uses symbolism throughout the storyRead MoreSymbolism Of Ernest Hemingway s Young Goodman Brown989 Words   |  4 Pagesfive minutes, and with no resolution concerning the abortion or the couple’s relationship. Ernest Hemingway does not waste a word or line in this short story, giving everything a deeper meaning or importance. Hemingway uses various images and objects that project emotions and feelings that are not explained in words. They are left for the reader to infere for themselves. By looking at the symbolism of the title, the scenery, and drinks, we are able to analyze the truth in the couple’s relationshipRead MoreSymbolism in Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway Essay1703 Words    |  7 PagesWhat is the use of symbolism in writing? Is it merely to confuse the reader or is its true intent to make the reader think about the meaning of the story? A symbol is a person, object, or event that suggests more than its literal meaning (Meyer 220). In Ernest Hemingways short story Hills Like White Elephants, Hemingway uses a plethora of symbols to convey the idea that the young girl, Jig is ambivalent to having an abortion and that her older American boyfriend does not want to have the babyRead MoreThe Theme Of Symbolism In Soldiers Home By Ernest Hemingway1783 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1925, Ernest Hemingway composed the short story â€Å"Soldier’s Home†. The story sheds a light on the experience some veterans encounter. Returning home from war for some soldiers is an exuberant experience. However, for other soldiers, the experience is full of isolation and lack of connection. Hemingway uses a variety of literary elements to portray his message. The setting of the story is the summer of 1919 in a small Oklahoma town. World War 1 just ended two years prior and the main character

Homeless People in the World - 690 Words

Homeless people in the world: what are the reasons for it and what are the methods to solve the problem. Today it is unfortunately homelessness is very wide and is spreading rapidly around the world. The causes may be quite different: it can be a high rent for housing, low pay, mental disability, loss of all family members, etc. When people are in a difficult situation, they need to survive, they have not so much alternatives, so they go out on the streets and begging for money. In different countries in different ways the government is trying to solve the problem of homeless people, but the result is still the same. What should we do? How can we help the homeless people? During the time when people started to do lots of research, about homeless people. Have they concluded that usually those who are forced to live on the street are people who: lived in poor areas, had no jobs, drugs, low education etc. Since we know what the main reasons for homelessness are and we have the information we need, it may be possible to avoid and help the people in the beginning before they become homeless. What I think is that the government must reverse itself more to the people who really need help in the poor area. And I mean now help them really both material and moral. Trying to solve the psychological problems which the ex. parents who abuse alcohol, children who are badly in school, etc. They should send the specialists who do their job and can help. I think that if the governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of The Lgbt Homelessness852 Words   |  4 PagesMany people think only certain races are homeless but that is not true. Thirty nine percent of Non-Hispanic whites are homeless compared to seventy six of the general population. Forty two percent of African-Americans are homeless compared to eleven percent of the general population. Thirteen percent of Hispanics are homeless compared to nine percent of the general population. Four percent of homeless are Native-American compared to one percent of the general population. Two percent of homeless wereRead MoreHomelessness Persua sive Speech1217 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness is the condition of people that do not have a permanent place to live, like a house or an apartment. The issue of homelessness is not subjected to one area, but it is a worldwide problem. Homelessness can result by depending upon a countries economy, and their government because the officials often ignores the issue. Manila, Philippines has 22.8 million who reside in the slums, and 1.2 million of those people are children who live by peddling, or begging on the streets, (Castillo). TheRead MoreVeterans : The Homeless Veterans1245 Words   |  5 Pagesstreets. One major issue in our world today is the increasing number of how many veterans are homeless. After researching I have found the five most commonly discussed topics in this subject are; the number of homeless veterans in the whole United States, the different causes of veterans homelessness, the statistics of different races, ages, and sexes affected, if these people are be ing helped by the government or community-based support groups, and finally the homeless veteran populations around theRead MoreShould Homelessness Be Criminalized?1747 Words   |  7 PagesCriminalized One of the most discussed topics around the world is homelessness. Each and everyday more and more people become homeless. People around the world have tried numerous times to resolve this dilemma. This situation is growing and it s starting to spiral out of control. One solution that s getting popular the more we let this situation grow is that criminalizing the homeless is good. People cannot criminalize the homeless. Homeless people should not be criminalized because they have nowhereRead MoreWhat Can Be Done to Stop Homelessness in America Essay522 Words   |  3 Pagesthe world some places are better that other but every place on earth has homeless people. This paragraph is going to be why the issue is important how it affects people and what people and you can do to help. This is an issue that is important to me after this I hope you do something to help the homeless. This issue is important because there are between 750,000 and 1.3 million people that are homeless and that is just in America and that number is getting bigger due to economic times. People withRead MoreThe Effects Of Today s Media On The Homeless Community Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Homeless Community Brad Jones Cisco College Introduction In today’s society, you see an outstanding amount of homelessness in the streets with no sign of stopping anytime in the near future. These numbers continue to climb with the majority of people blaming it on the homeless individual either being too lazy to get a college (sometimes even high school) degree, too lazy to go and at least try to get a job or a combination of both. With this thought process in mind, you could say people areRead MoreSociological Perspective on Homelessness1248 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Student first and last name Course title and number Professors name Due date Sociological Perspective on Homelessness Homelessness is a social problem that is prevalent around the world. Homelessness has existed for much of civilized human history. In the last two centuries, homelessness and changed and expanded. Sociologists who study and research homelessness have argued over its formal definition for decades, though for some, the definition of homelessness seems self explanatory and obviousRead MoreNo Look As You Walk Your Routine Route1521 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Over half a million people are homeless. One quarter of homeless people are children.† (â€Å"10 Facts About Homelessness† par. 4). With the growing community of homeless people one-fourth of that is to be composed of homeless children. A person under the age of eighteen years old who have an absence of proper housing vital for a standard person and teens who were abandoned or thrown out are considered homeless children (â€Å"Homeless Facts† par. 13). The children who are considered homeless typically do notRea d MoreThe Homelessness Of The Homeless1745 Words   |  7 Pages One of the most discussed topics around the world is homelessness. Each and every day more and more people become homeless. People around the world have tried numerous times to resolve this dilemma. This situation is growing and it s starting to spiral out of control. One solution that is getting popular the more we let this situation grow is that criminalizing the homeless is ok. People cannot criminalize the homeless. Homeless people should not be criminalized because they have nowhere to goRead MoreHomelessness : Difficulty Escaping Poverty1321 Words   |  6 Pages19 2016 Homelessness: Difficulty Escaping Poverty A homeless person is someone who lacks housing, including an individual who lives in a supervised public or private facility (What Is the Official Definition of Homelessness?). Being homeless means not having a place to call home, not having a stable income. It is not just individuals that can be homeless. There are millions of families living in poverty and on the streets all around the world, contrary to popular belief it is not an easy process

Feminism Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political,...

Feminism has been around as long as women have been. Feminism according to google is the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. So it is basically women wanting to be treated equally. The history of feminism is pretty sketch considering how it was never called feminism until america got a hold of it. But never the less there are definite matriarchal influences throughout the history of the world. A couple of asian cultures were based off of their religion where it would be ruled or begin with a mother god. Japanese Shintoism has Amaterasu, the goddess of the sun, as its figurehead. Amaterasu not only created the rest of the gods but also holds the three treasures of the religion. Daoism is another asian religion in which females are very important. Daoism does not have a mother goddess that influences all but many of the people who rose to godhood were women who are now revered in the religion. Egypt had a matriarch period with cleopatra and even china was for a time ruled by a late emperor’s concubine Empress Wu Zetian. Even the first novel ever, The Tale of Genji, was written by a japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu. Closer to the present Mary Wollstonec raft and her book, A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790), are argued to be the beginnings of first-wave feminism in the united states. In 1848 a major meeting at Seneca Falls feminist and abolitionist alike authored a declaration of sentiments which assertedShow MoreRelatedFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Trifles, feminism is portrayed by the female characters in the book as well as the male characters. Feminism is defined as: the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (â€Å"Feminism†). The female characters are represented in a way that highlights the best characteristics of females, which in turn gives the reader or viewer a strong sense of feminism. The male characters in the book such as: the police officers and the husband show malesRead MoreFeminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equalit y1686 Words   |  7 PagesIs Feminism? In our world today, feminism has become a recent topic of interest, being discussed all over social media, as well as being represented by various celebrity advocates for the movement. There is such a negative connotation with feminism, and this negative connotation more often than not comes from those who have refused to â€Å"come closer† to feminism.1 Because if you take a closer look, it is not all about women who despise men, or the victimization of women. By definition, feminism isRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1529 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism is a term defined as the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. This theory is centered on women living in patriarchal society. During the 1900s life for women differed greatly from the lives of men. Patriarch communities were very prevalent during this time. As a result Susan Glaspell dedicated many, if not all o f her works as dramas describing the restricting view of women living in the early twentieth century. Feminism shows howRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1694 Words   |  7 Pages English 2 2/29/16 Jane Eyre and Feminism Feminism is defined as the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men† (Oxford Dictionary). In the past century, the standards of what is considered feminism have changed. At the time Jane Eyre was published, feminism per se did not exist yet. In the Victorian Era any actions done by women that went against the norms for women for that time period were likely considered atrociousRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1391 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism, a word defined as, â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men,† a word that provokes strong feelings of either support or strong hate. (Webster) The people who do agree with feminism claim that it has helped them with their experiences of oppression because they are female, while others argue that it is against men and promotes hostility . 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Although they encourage women to challenge a male dominated society for acceptance as an equal, they do not believe that every one possesses equal ability or an equal right to societal resources (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 5), ergo ‘justice’. Equality for liberal feminists means equal opportunity to work for what they want - to compete with men on equal terms in both professional and political arenas (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 6). As far as equality in the social arena,Read MoreSocial Construction And Its Impact On Society Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesSocial construction Social construction is when words, identities and concepts are socially and historically constructed in a society. In other words, this is when the value and meanings are tied to concepts such as feminity, masculinity, race, class and gender. Hence, this same values and meanings of such concepts change and impact the society we live in. Furthermore, the idea of a social construct is significant in many various ways. 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Feminist seek to find impartiality between the genders, in not only the work force, but many different aspects of their lives. Feminist are spectated to be individuals who believe in female domination, and that is not precise. Feminist believe that women and men should be treated equal to each other, neither sex

Financial Markets Qantas Airways Limited

Question: Discuss about the Financial Markets for Qantas Airways Limited. Answer: Introduction Qantas Airways Limited is the flag carrier Airways commenced its operations since March 1921. The airline has its headquartered in Mascot, New South Wales, Australia. The airline is located in the suburb of Sydney in Mascot and with the main hub at Sydney Airport. Qantas is aiming in providing the services of 22 specialized cargos which is handling terminal of over 15 major gateways port which will be accessed across Australia, with terminal which is dedicated in the Los Angeles. Qantas freights are having 13 aircraft of the supplements of destination with export and import in and around Australia. Qantas Freight has number of carrier on the logistic specialization. Qantas has many carriers with specialization in logistics all around the world. Qantas is specialized in carrying Express Freighters Australia (EFA), JETS Transport Express and Qantas Courier New Zealand. Qantas has many subsidiaries which are Qantas Link, Jet Star Airways, Jet Connect, Network Aviation, Qantas Freight, A ustralia Air Express, Qantas Holidays and various others. The subsidiaries aim at providing services in Australia and New Zealand which will be flying under the Qantas and also owing to Jet Star Airways and an airline which are cheap and operating from the services internationally under the domestic services between New Zealand and Australia. Qantas is frequently flying services aiming in rewarding the loyalty of the customer. It is getting the points based on the distance flown with bonus varying by the class of travel. Qantas is also providing facilities of Qantas club and lounges for its employees and passengers (Qantas.com.2016). Virgin Australia Holding Limited is public listed Australian airline company who owes and operates Virgin Australia and Tigerair Australia. The company was previously operating on the airlines of the Pacific Blue Airlines which was in a joint venture with Polynesian Airlines (Virgin. 2016). It has its headquarters in Bowen Hills, Brisbane, Australia. In was founded in the year 2000. Some of the subsidiaries of Virgin are Tigerair Australia, Virgin Australia, Virgin Australian Airlines, Virgin Samoa and some more. Chairman of this airline is Elizabeth Bryan and Chief Executive Officer is John Borghetti. Virgin Blue Holdings was formed as a wholly owned subsidiary in the year 2000 of Virgin Group. In the year 2003, Virgin Blue Holdings Limited entered into the ASX because Virgin Group was going to sell, some its holdings. In 2005, Virgin launched a takeover of the hostile in the Australia with 62% holding in the company. In the year 2008, the company announced for the distribution of 9 8.3% of the share to the shareholders of the company and by not remaining in the majority of the holding. During the phase of toll holding, 62.7% of the holdings were attempted for selling the shares for the no availing content was left over. In the year 2012, Etihad Airways had purchased 10% shareholdings to 20% then further on the same year there was next purchase of 10% of the Virgine Holdings by Singapore Airlines. Further on October 2012, Tiger Airways Australia 60% of the holdings was purchased by the Virgin Group. In January 2011, 15% of the Virgin Blue Holdings was purchased by Air New Zealand then by the June 2013 the holdings was increased by 23%. Top down Analysis Top down analysis is process which looks for a big picture of with details of components of smaller. Top down approach is very necessary for breaking down system for achieving profit in the organization (Bierman Jr and Smidt 2012). Top down approach is also called stepwise design and in some of the cases is of the decomposition. The analysis will be conducted on the trend of the of the macro environment of the economic. Top down analysis is the investment approach, which is including a large picture of the market. Top down analysis is determined with the help of Total market estimation. Top-down analysis is done by the fundamental analysis, based on Economic Analysis, Industry Analysis and Company analysis (Vyatkina et al., 2016). For conducting economic analysis comparison will be done with Interest rate structure and GDP growth which will be affecting the above two Airlines. Industry analysis will be conducted through Demand-supply structure and exchange rate effect. Company analysis will be conducted through analysis of dividend and returns (Fornelli et al., 2013). Let us consider the economic analysis first, in respect of economic analysis, an interest rate of the Qantas borrowings has been increased from 5.7% to 6.3%. Whereas, Virgin Holdings Limited has much lower interest rates of borrowings which is 2.8% in 2014 and 3.99% in 2015 (Tvardovskiy et al., 2015). Though the interest rate has increased individually but if the comparison is made then Virgin is getting advantage of due to difference in the interest rate (Guerrero et al., 2015). Similarly, if GDP factor is looked into it is observed that Qantas is providing employment opportunity to 28,622 employees has been working until the year 2015, whereas Virgin is providing 50,000 employment opportunities to the people of Australia. From the above analysis is proved that Virgin is in the front line of economic analysis as compared to Qantas (Lee et al., 2016). Further, moving on with Industry Analysis, the analysis will be made of demand-supply and exchange rate effect of Qantas and Virgin Airlines Holdings (Mao et al., 2013). During the world II, some of the supply of Qantas was dropped in the level of the treetop. After the postwar expansion, it gradually increased there was an increase in the supply of the company which can be seen by observing the increasing trend of sales per year (Piotroski and So 2012). Similarly, if Virgin is looked into the trend is same as to Qantas there is an increase in the supply of the airline's services. Next analysis is the effect of an exchange rate. Qantas had total gains of due in hedging of unrealized gains on long term debt as $ 12 million in 2015 and $ 54 million in 2014. Whereas, Virgin had suffered from loss of fuel which arises due to hedging of activities which was $129.4 million in the year 2015 and on which $ 106.7 million was the unrealized amount because of hedging. This proves that Qantas h as been the front line in the factor of exchange rate mechanism (Bartram and Grinblatt 2015). Finally moving on with the company analysis the factor of dividend and return has to be looked into in the above two airline (Goodman et al., 2013). Qantas has not paid final dividend and neither interim, instead of that there was declaration of and payment of non-controlling interest to the shareholders, who non-wholly owned the controlled entities $ 4 million in 2015 and $ 1 million on 2014. Virgin too had similar case in respect of dividend; there was not any existence of final dividend and neither the interim (Geis-Asteggiante et al., 2015). Instead, there was distribution of equity which was $ 17.8 million in the form of payment to the non-controlling interest holder during the year. Further moving on with the return on investment factor it is seen that Qantas achieved a return of 16.2% in 2015 and 1.5% in 2014. Whereas Virgin is taken into consideration, there has been decreasing in the percentage of return from 30% to 10%. In this context, Qantas has been the ruler in giving h ighest return to its shareholder (Breyer et al., 2013). Bottom up Analysis Bottom up analysis is determined on the calculation of the estimation of the sales which are potential in the market. Bottom down analysis is broad sector in the economic environment and is based on the factor affecting the company stock on the basis of business cycle of the business. It does not look into macro environment of the company. Bottom down analysis is the basically quantitative analysis. Bottom down analysis is done only to analyze the financial position in terms of figures (Bierman Jr and Smidt 2012). Bottom up analysis is done on the basis few accounting ratios and some of the budgeting factor. Accounting ratio includes computation of Current ratio, Quick ratio, Net Profit Margin Ratio and Return of Asset Ratio (Parker and Vannest 2012). Whereas, Capital budgeting techniques includes Net Present Value, Profitability Index, Annual Percentage Rate and Pay Back Period. All the above computations have been done by data present in the annual report of the respective companies (Hu et al., 2012). First, let us look into the Accounting Ratios which are given as follows: Current Ratio Qantas has current ratio 0.66 in 2014 and 0.68 in 2015, whereas, Virgin has 0.64 in 2014 and 0.69 in 2015. Current Ratio is calculated by total current assets divided by total current liabilities. Current ratio depicts cash available to the company for paying the long-term debt in liability. Current ratio interprets the liquidity position of the firm. Virgin has comparatively better position than Qantas in respect of paying long term debt in the category of current liability. But Qantas position in the year 2014 was comparatively better than that of Virgin because in the year 2014. Qantas ability for paying the long-term debts in respect of current liabilities was much high. On the present analysis, it will be said that Virgin is the better player in respect of paying the debts (Uechi et al., 2015). Quick Ratio - Qantas has quick ratio 0.56 in 2014 and 0.52 in 2015, whereas, Virgin has 0.57 in 2014 and 0.58 in 2015. Quick ratio is calculated by current asset divided by current liabilities by excluding the inventories form the current asset. Quick ratio depicts the position of the company in terms of cash available to be converted into cash. Virgin has comparatively better position than Qantas in respect of available cash for the transformation of Asset. But if the overall scenario, it has been observed that Qantas position has tremendously decreased that too with large difference. Qantas do not have sufficient amount of cash available as compared to Virgin for transforming into assets (Hrl et al., 2013). Net Profit Margin ratio - Qantas has Net Profit Margin Ratio -0.19 in 2014 and 0.04 in 2015, whereas, Virgin has -0.09 in 2014 and -0.06 in 2015. Net Profit Margin ratio is calculated by Net income/ loss divided by the net credit sales. In this context, Qantas has become the ruler regarding generating profit and effectively making use of resources available in the company. Virgin has been continuously facing loss for long span of time. On the prior year, Qantas has faced loss but proceeding further with the operations it has recovered from the situation of facing loss. But if a close look is given to the ratio, Virgin loss for the current year have decreased, which shows an indication of gradually improving the situation (Drivelos and Georgiou 2012). Return on Asset - Qantas has Return on Asset -0.15 in 2014 and 0.03 in 2015, whereas, Virgin has -0.09 in 2014 and -0.02 in 2015. Return on asset is calculated by Net income or loss divided by average of the total asset. In this context, Qantas has become the ruler regarding managing the assets for the producing the profit. Qantas has tremendously increased it return on assets from -0.15 to 0.03, Whereas; Virgin is still in the negative place. Virgin should not be ignored totally in these respects slowly and gradually it is moving decreasing the negative return. Qantas is effectively utilizing the assets for generating profit for the company (Bierman and Smidt 2012). Now moving on with some of the techniques of capital budgeting, the analyses for those are as follows: Net Present Value NPV is calculated as difference between present value of cash inflows and outflows. NPV of Qantas is 9,70,64,239 $ and Virgin is 2,47,72,244 $. It implies that there will be acceptability of Qantas because it has highest NPV. NPV shows acceptability of the project regarding measuring the present value of cash inflow and outflow. It is also helpful in analyzing the profitability of the projected investment. In the above point, Qantas is the ruler (Hayward et al., 2016). Annual Percentage Rate Qantas has a negative balance of finance cost in both the year. So there will be no APR in the case of Qantas because it has no borrowings. Whereas, Virgin has very high APR which shows that Virgin is very much liable for paying its return regarding loan taken by the company (Grob 2013). Profitability Index Profitability index is a somewhat modification of the NPV; it implies to be accepted if the PI calculated is greater than one and terms to be rejected if it is less than one or zero. Form the calculation done it has been observed that PI of Virgin is comparatively much higher than of Qantas in both the years. So in the respect acceptance, Virgin is accepted for doing the investment (Andor et al., 2015). Pay Back Period - Pay Back Period implies that the time taken to recover the cost of the investment done on the project. In this Virgin stands to be ruler for the recovery of the cost, for the investment done. Virgins Pay Back Period is the highest as compared to the Qantas (Saxena 2015). Recommendation Overall analysis of the report is seen that Virgin has comparatively better position in respect of providing liquidity, the acceptability of the project on return, payback period and profitability index. Qantas has proven to be the winner in doing the comparison related to performance of the company. Through the Top down Analysis it has been observed Qantas is in the better position for doing the further improvement in the company position. Further, it is also recommended that company Qantas should fulfill the requirement of payment of dividend to its investor because it is one of the important factors which is expected by the investors. If Virgin recovers the loss of the company, then it can be become the ruler of the market. Further, it is recommended that Virgin should make proper use of its assets regarding generating profit. From the bottom analysis, it has been observed that Virgin needs to increase its return on the equity otherwise, the investors with withdrawing their inves tment for the company. The financial position of the two companies depicts that Virgin is continuously facing the loss in the respect of Net income or loss achieved by the company, whereas Qantas has comparatively better position in the in terms of generating the profit for the company. So in this respect Virgin should find way to improve the position of the company by incurring income for the company. In terms of depicting the assets of the company Virgin is in the front line for getting advantage, whereas Qantas shows position, which is comparatively low show it needs to improve the position further. Highest return is the only thing which an investor looks. Further it is suggested that Virgin should increase it amount of assets so that it can fully utilize its asset for the generation of the profit. The overall top down analysis and bottom up analysis has been fully completed to its requirement. Reference list Andor, G., Mohanty, S.K. and Toth, T., 2015. Capital budgeting practices: a survey of Central and Eastern European firms.Emerging Markets Review,23, pp.148-172. Bartram, S.M. and Grinblatt, M., 2015. Fundamental Analysis Works.Available at SSRN 2479817. Bierman Jr, H. and Smidt, S., 2012.The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge. Breyer, C., Birkner, C., Meiss, J., Goldschmidt, J.C. and Riede, M. 2013, "A top-down analysis: Determining photovoltaics RD investments from patent analysis and RD headcount",Energy Policy,vol. 62, pp. 1570-1580. capital budgeting2016, , 6th edn, Oxford University Press. Capital budgeting 2016 Drivelos, S.A. and Georgiou, C.A., 2012. Multi-element and multi-isotope-ratio analysis to determine the geographical origin of foods in the European Union.TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,40, pp.38-51. Fornelli, L., Parra, J., Hartmer, R., Stoermer, C., Lubeck, M. and Tsybin, Y.O., 2013. Top-down analysis of 3080 kDa proteins by electron transfer dissociation time-of-flight mass spectrometry.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,405(26), pp.8505-8514. Geis-Asteggiante, L., Dhabaria, A., Edwards, N., Ostrand-Rosenberg, S. and Fenselau, C. 2015, "Topdown analysis of low mass proteins in exosomes shed by murine myeloid-derived suppressor cells",International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,vol. 378, pp. 264-269. Goodman, T.H., Neamtiu, M. and Zhang, F., 2013. Fundamental analysis and option returns.Available at SSRN 1974753. Grob, H.L., 2013.Capital budgeting with financial plans: an introduction. Springer-Verlag. Guerrero, A., Lerno, L., Barile, D. and Lebrilla, C.B., 2015. Top-down analysis of highly post-translationally modified peptides by fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry,26(3), pp.453-459. Hayward, M., Caldwell, A., Steen, J., Gow, D. and Liesch, P., 2016. Entrepreneurs' Capital Budgeting Orientations and Innovation Outputs: Evidence From Australian Biotechnology Firms.Long Range Planning. Hrl, M., Schnidder, J., Sauer, U. and Zamboni, N., 2013. Non stationary 13C metabolic flux ratio analysis.Biotechnology and bioengineering,110(12), pp.3164-3176. Hu, Z., Liu, Y., Gao, S., Liu, W., Zhang, W., Tong, X., Lin, L., Zong, K., Li, M., Chen, H. and Zhou, L., 2012. Improved in situ Hf isotope ratio analysis of zircon using newly designed X skimmer cone and jet sample cone in combination with the addition of nitrogen by laser ablation multiple collector ICP-MS.Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,27(9), pp.1391-1399. Lee, A.E., Geis Asteggiante, L., Dixon, E.K., Miller, M., Wang, Y., Fushman, D. and Fenselau, C., 2016. Preparing to read the ubiquitin code: top down analysis of unanchored ubiquitin tetramers.Journal of Mass Spectrometry,51(8), pp.629-637. Mao, Y., Valeja, S.G., Rouse, J.C., Hendrickson, C.L. and Marshall, A.G., 2013. Top-down structural analysis of an intact monoclonal antibody by electron capture dissociation-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry.Analytical chemistry,85(9), pp.4239-4246. Parker, R.I. and Vannest, K.J., 2012. Bottom-up analysis of single-case research designs.Journal of Behavioral Education,21(3), pp.254-265. Piotroski, J.D. and So, E.C., 2012. Identifying expectation errors in value/glamour strategies: A fundamental analysis approach.Review of Financial Studies, p.hhs061. Qantas.com. (2016).Flights to Australia | Australia travel | Qantas. [online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/home/in/en [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Saxena, A.K. 2015, "Capital budgeting principles: bridging theory and practice",Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal,vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 283. Tvardovskiy, A., Wrzesinski, K., Sidoli, S., Fey, S.J., Rogowska-Wrzesinska, A. and Jensen, O.N., 2015. Top-down and middle-down protein analysis reveals that intact and clipped human histones differ in post-translational modification patterns.Molecular Cellular Proteomics,14(12), pp.3142-3153. Uechi, L., Akutsu, T., Stanley, H.E., Marcus, A.J. and Kenett, D.Y., 2015. Sector dominance ratio analysis of financial markets.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,421, pp.488-509. Virgin. (2016).Virgin. [online] Available at: https://www.virgin.com/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Vyatkina, K., Wu, S., Dekker, L.J., VanDuijn, M.M., Liu, X., Toli, N., Luider, T.M., Paa-Toli, L. and Pevzner, P.A., 2016. Top-down analysis of protein samples by de novo sequencing techniques.Bioinformatics, p.btw307.

External Factors and Political Factors †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the External Factors and Political Factors. Answer: Introdution: MFC is required to replace the existing ferries and seeks to undertake project for the same. They are required to determine the required rate of return for which they are facing difficulties and randomly using the required rate of return at 10%. An organization named Adsteam Limited is similar to MFC that has determined equity cost of capital by considering risk premium along with unsystematic and systematic risks. Using equity cost of capital as arrived by Adsteam Limited should be used by MFC, as it is feasible. Hence, appropriate rate of return that MFC should use for project evaluation is 12%. MFC is undertaking project for replacing their existing ferries and report deals with evaluation of project using the technique of capital budgeting. This helps in determining projects feasibility. Operation of ferries is done on two sites of MFC that is Bay site and Greenwich site. However, an operation of replaced ferries that is four jet car ferries is suitable on Bay site. Required rate of return or equity cost of capital for evaluation of project is 12%. Total initial outlay incurred by MFC stood at $ $ 7226200 and the equity cost of capital is 12% that is used for determining net present value of project. Net present value of for cat ferries involves in the business activities of MFC is arrived by considering time value of money that is computed at $ 29808467. Figure is suggestive of the fact that future cash inflow from undertaking project of replacing ferries is more than initial outlay made (Brigham 2014). Conclusion: From the above analysis and computation, it can be concluded that project is feasible and MFC should be accepted. This is so because, net present value of four cat ferries is positive. ARR gives the clear picture of profitability of any project and total lifecycle of investment is taken into consideration. However, accounting rate of return does not take into account time vale of money. Under this technique of evaluation of investment project, benefits acquired by firms from abandonment of any equipment replaced by new equipment are not considered under this technique. ARR does not take into account determination of average investment levels and they should not be used as decision-making criteria as the cash inflow of any project is not taken into account (Arnold 2013). Furthermore, chances are there that organization can reject some profitable projects if the current earnings are more than value of accounting rate of return. An organization is required to consider many factors while undertaking the project of replacing any parts involved in functioning. Some of the factors that should be consider are internal to organization as well as they are external. External factors are political factors, some macro economic factors such inflation and general environment in which organization operates. Quality and change control involved in managing four cat ferries needs to be considered while evaluating the project feasibility (Bodie 2013). References: Arnold, G., 2013.Corporate financial management. Pearson Higher Ed. Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Brigham, E.F., 2014.Financial management theory and practice. Atlantic Publishers Distri. Lasher, W.R., 2013.Practical financial management. Nelson Education.

Shakespearian Tradgedy Essays - Othello, English-language Films

Shakespearian Tradgedy In the article, Othello and the pattern of Shakespearean Tragedy, by G.R. Hibbard published in 1968, Hibbard discusses how Othello, by William Shakespeare, stands apart from the rest of the Shakespearean Tragedies. He uses examples from the play to support his thesis of how the tragic pattern in Othello is very much different from that of the others. I agree with Hibbard's view on Othello and it's unique characteristics that set it apart from the traditional pattern of Shakespearean tragedies. Hibbard wrote his article using supporting points to show how Othello is set apart from the other plays. He describes the unrealistic events surrounding Othello being sent to Cyprus, where he is allowed to bring his new wife. Hibbard write that Iago's only goal in the play is to ruin Othello's life and does not want more political or military power, as in the other plays but wishes only to destroy all that is good and beautiful. All the other plays have plots where the events in the public follow the pattern of the events of the antagonist this is missing in Othello. ?The pattern of the tragedy is a whirlpool, with its center in the poisoned mind of the hero which reshapes, distorts, and degrades objective reality.? Unlike in the other Shakespearean tragedies Othello does not know the antagonist until the end of the play when it is too late to realize what has occurred. The ending of Othello is also unique, in this case good does not prevail over evil and unlike the other tragedies O thello seeks his own valediction and ?the ruin is total?. I agree with most of the authors points of discussion in this article. I agree that Othello is sent to Cyprus for the sole purpose of changing the scene to commence Iago's plan and that this is very different from the other plays where there are no such dramatic events that are discarded so quickly (the immediate sinking of the Turkish fleet). I see the ?whirlpool' pattern the author speaks of where Iago is at the center; this is clearly different from the other tragic plays where the direction is clear and straightforward. Unlike in MacBeth, or Romeo and Juliet, Othello does not know the antagonist until the end, I agree with this point because throughout the play it is clear that Othello trusts Iago completely and disbelieves any evidence that contradicts what he is saying. I also agree with Hibbard's point that in other Shakespearean tragedies the public events mirror the actions of the antagonist. Hibbard is right in saying that the ending is quite unique with the bodies being le ft on stage and the others quickly moving through the arrangements of distributing the assets, they learned no lessons as in Romeo and Juliet, they seemed almost unaffected by the deaths. The end was also unique because Othello killed himself, he knew he did wrong and punished himself, this does not occur in other tragedies. Although I support Hibbard in his thesis, I disagree with a few of his supporting arguments. It is true that Iago did want to destroy the lives of both Cassio and Othello, but did this because he felt that he deserved Cassio's position in the military. When Hibbard says, ?The ruin is total? I think this is extreme. I feel that evil did not prevail, because Iago's plan did not succeed, neither good nor evil triumphed. In reading Hibbard's article I felt he did a good job at supporting his thesis. He provided the reader with enough information to understand why he chose his thesis and decide whether or not they agree with his points. He used appropriate references to support his ideas and backed up his points with specific events from the play. Shakespeare

The Best Way to Use a Standard Hamlet Sample Essay

The Best Way to Use a Standard Hamlet Sample EssayAre you looking for a way to earn extra money during your teaching career? One of the best ways to do so is to take up an Introduction to Writing For A Living (Hamlet) sample essay. There are many people who have taken up this particular course and received excellent results, making this the ideal way to introduce yourself to a potential employer. This guide will teach you how to create a resume and cover letter using the contents of Hamlet sample essays.The first step in preparing for an Introduction to Writing For A Living (Hamlet) sample essay is to find a good example of an essay that is appropriate for the job you are applying for. You can take Hamlet at home, or buy a copy from your local library. Reading through the various examples will give you some ideas on how to structure the essay.Make sure that the essay you use has been written by someone with experience and is professionally edited. Not only will this ensure that the c ontent is well presented, but it will also help it stand out when you submit it for inclusion in your own resume. Once you have a list of examples, you can begin by reading the contents of the essays and deciding which one is most suitable for you. Since these are published samples, you should not be forced to add details that will make the essay difficult to understand.You will also want to consider the level of detail that you feel comfortable with. It is easy to go overboard with details, but for many students the more detail you provide the better it is. If the essays are interesting, then you will likely be able to engage the reader with the information they are looking for.The next step is to contact your university or college if you wish to pursue a teaching degree. Most universities and colleges offer many courses that allow their students to move into other careers. If you are interested in doing this, be sure to keep in touch with your schools and get their approval before enrolling in a course. Many will ask that you be a good student so that they can trust you to learn the skills you need to succeed in your teaching career.Finally, check with the teaching job placement office at your local college. They may also offer any advice that they feel is necessary. Make sure that you have read the Teaching for a Living literature and at least agreed to write an introduction to a book about teaching, because this can be used as a sample for your essay.Even if you do not have a job right now, you can still use this resource. If you have a lot of free time and you are open to spending a little bit of money, you can study the contents of these books and prepare your own outline. Be sure to spend some time getting familiar with the material and understand how the essay works.

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essays

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essays Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essay Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essay For investors, it is important to understand stock dividends and stock splits. Stock dividend is different from stock split.   While it is true that, in both cases, new shares of stock are issued to current stockholders, distinction between the two has been recognized.   The distinctive difference between a stock dividend and a stock split is that in the former, there is a capitalization of earnings or profits, together with a distribution of the added shares which evidence the assets transferred to capital, while in the latter, there is a mere increase in the number of shares which evidence ownership without altering the amount of the capital, surplus or segregated earnings.   In short, a stock split is but a dividing up of the outstanding shares of the corporation into a greater number of units without touching the stockholder’s original proportional participating interest in the corporation.   Stock split is basically one of form and not of s ubstance.Concept of dividendsA stock corporation subsists to make a profit and to allot a percentage of the profits to its stockholders.   The board of directors of a public corporation may declare dividends out of the unrestricted retained earnings which shall be payable either in cash, or in stock to all stockholders on the basis of outstanding shares held by them.   A dividend is that part or portion of the profits of a corporation set aside, declared and ordered by the directors to be paid ratably to the stockholders on demand or at a fixed time.   It is a payment to stockholders of a corporation as a return on their investment.   It is a feature of a dividend that all of the stockholders of the same class share in it in proportion to the respective amounts of stock which they hold.Without disturbing the capital stock, a dividend is an aggregate amount which can be shared among stockholders.   The term has been considered as suggesting that there must be a surplus or p rofits to be divided.   To warrant the declaration of dividends, there must be actual bona fide surplus profits or earnings over and above all debts and liabilities of the corporation.   Although a corporation has earned no profit from the current period, it may properly pay dividends from accumulated surplus out of previous years.   On the other hand, dividends may not be declared as long as a shortfall exists although; it has realized actual profit in the current year.Stock dividendsInstead of cash, a corporation may opt to declare stock dividend, which is a dividend payable in unissued or increased or additional shares.   Stock dividends do not decrease the value of the stockholder’s interest; they only bring down the cost per share of the stockholdings. To illustrate, Mr. X owned 200 shares of stock at $10 per share worth $2,000.   The company declared and distributed 25% stock dividend.   Mr. X would now own 250 shares for the same value of $2,000, with a new value per share of $8 (Heakal, 2003).   A corporation may increase its authorized capital stock by way of stock dividends without touching its unissued shares as long as there are retained earnings to justify the declaration.The declaration of stock dividend may be revoked at anytime before the actual issuance of the stock.   Unlike in cash dividend, a stock dividend requires, as a general rule, more than a mere declaration to make it effective.   It must be approved by the stockholders. Until the stock is actually issued, or at least in some manner especially set apart to the stockholders, its effect is not complete.   The so called stock dividend in shares of the kind already held gives the shareholder nothing in the way of a distribution of assets, but merely divides his existing shares into smaller units.   There is no increase in his proportionate claim upon the assets of the corporation or income by reason of such a paper dividend.   There is no obligation upon th e corporation to declare stock dividends, which are not distributions but only a change of the share and capital structure.   Since the declaration of stock dividend gives the stockholder nothing until all the formalities necessary to a valid increase of stock are complied with, its revocation, therefore, takes away nothing.   But unless rescinded, the shareholders have absolute right to their respective shares in the stock dividend so declared and actual delivery of the corresponding certificate is not essential to make the shareholder the owner of the dividend (De Leon, l993).Dividends DatesEssentially, there are three dates to observe in dealing with dividends.   The first to consider is the date of declaration where the board declares dividend and sets the amount of dividend, the payment date and the ex-dividend date. Next is the record date, where all list of of current stockholders who are to receive dividends are rolled up. The most important date is the 2-day period be fore the record date which is designated as the ex-dividend date. This is to allow completion of all unfinished transactions before the record date.   Those stockholders not on record or do not own the stock before the ex-dividend date will not be entitled to dividend payment. Proceedings not completed at the ex-dividend date, the price of the stock is immediately reduced as dividend payment dilutes the value of the company and investors absorbs the diminution in value (â€Å"Investing†, 2007).Effect of declaration of stock dividendA stock dividend transfers the surplus covered by such dividend into permanent account thereby placing it beyond the power of the board of directors to withdraw from corporate use and to distribute to the stockholders.   Such a capitalization of surplus adds nothing to and takes nothing from the corporation.   The corporation merely transfers the surplus to capital account and issue shares of stock to represent the same.   Such shares may b e preferred as well as common stock.After a declaration of stock dividends, the stockholder receives no greater proportional interest in the assets of the corporation that he had before.   In this regard, it is identical in substance with a splitting of original share in which outstanding shares are exchanged for an increased number of new shares of proportionally less par value than the old, leaving the aggregate value of all his stock substantially the same.   Such an increase simply dilutes the shares as they existed before.   The declaration of stock dividend is advantageous to existing creditors of the corporation to the extent that corporate earnings are capitalized, unavailable for distribution to stockholders.   At the same time, it improves the cash position of the corporation with expansion projects or programs eliminating the necessity of borrowing and paying high interest rates.Stock dividends are not taxable as income because they represent merely an unrealized gain to the stockholders who receives nothing from the corporation that answers the definition of income under the revenue code (â€Å"Strengthening†).Illustration:A, B, C, D and E organized a stock corporation with an authorized capital stock of $400,000 divided into 4,000 shares with a par value of $100 per share.   Each subscribed to and paid for 400 shares.   Hence, the actual asset of the corporation at the beginning of the business was $200,000.After a few years of profitable business, the assets of the corporation amounted to $400,000 with no debts.   Instead of declaring cash dividends, it was agreed to increase the capital stock in the form of stock dividends with a total value of $40,000 which amount represents the actual increase of his share or interest in the business.   At the start of the year, each stockholder held 400 shares with a total value of $40,000 which is 1/5 of the total corporate capital of $200,000.   At the close of the year, after stock dividends are declared, each stockholder still holds 1/5 interest in the corporation with his 800 shares worth $80,000 in relation to the increased corporate capital of $400,000.   But the proportional interest of each share in the corporate assets is decreased because of the increase in the number of shares, from 1/2,000 to 1/4,000 (Kennon, 2007).Stock dividend from issue of additional sharesWhenever an increase is made in the capital account of a stock corporation, the increase is valid only when it represents additional shares issued for which the equivalent consideration is received by the corporation.   The increase may be the result of an issue of additional shares or the re-investment of retained earnings effected by the distribution of shares as stock dividend.Hence, a corporation with outstanding no par value shares originally issued at $5 per share cannot increase its capital account by transferring its surplus to its capital account without issuing additional shares for the amount transferred.   Under such method, stockholders who have already paid in full their no par value shares would in effect be made to pay additional amounts for the same shares to increase their value.   No par value shares of capital stock issued shall be deemed fully paid and non-assessable.   Once no par value shares have been issued at their issued price, their value can no longer be changed.   Accordingly, such stock dividend by a transfer of the surplus to capital with no shares to be issued cannot be validly made (De Leon, 1993).Stock dividend distinguished from cash dividendStock dividend does not involve any disbursement to the stockholders of accumulated earnings, while cash dividend involves disbursement of said earnings.   Corporate creditors may reach for stock dividends, being still part of corporate property, while cash dividend declared and paid becomes the absolute property of the stockholders and cannot be reached by the creditors.   While co rporate capital is increased by a stock dividend, cash dividend does not.   Except in the sense that capital stock constitute a liability, no debt from the corporation to the stockholders is created by the declaration of stock dividend.   The declaration of cash dividend creates an obligation to the stockholders who then hold such stock.It is important to note that a dividend payable in stock is not synonymous with, and is not always or necessarily, a stock dividend.   A dividend payable in stock may, under some circumstances, is a cash dividend, as where the dividend consists in treasury stocks or in stocks of another corporation.Stock splitsThe board of directors may approve a stock split when the market is too high or too low, as sometimes investors are forestalled from buying or keeping their stocks.   In stock split, the market per share is adjusted by the same ratio which results in additional shares being issued and the market price being reduced to a trading level to attract investors. Stock splits are generally carried out in two different ways.   In a par value stock, the original certificate is converted into a new certificate validating the original shares, plus the new shares issued.   In a no par value stock, the stockholder keeps his original certificate but receives additional certificates for the additional shares issued. In either case, the split merely changes the number of outstanding shares without affecting the stockholders’ equity or the capital stock (Heakal, 2003).Illustration:X Corporation has 100,000 outstanding shares of stock, with a par value of $10 per share.   The board of directors feels that a lower price is necessary to attract more investors, it authorized that the 100,000 shares be replaced by 500,000 with a par value of $2.   Thus each stockholder will receive 5 shares in exchange for each share owned.   This increase in the number of outstanding share is referred to as stock split (Little, 2007).O n the other hand, the reverse stock split, involves the reduction of the outstanding shares into a smaller number of shares and it is done when it is felt that a higher price for the shares will be advantageous to the corporation.   Thus, in the same example above, the 100,000 outstanding shares may be called in and replaced by 50,000 shares with a par value of $20 per share.   There is an increase in the par value of outstanding shares with a corresponding reduction in the number of shares issued.If a stock splits, it does not make it a better investment or enlarges the share in the company’s earnings nor does it affect materially short sellers. The aim of stock splits is to lower the trading price of a stock to a level viewed as popular to investors. It is comfortable to purchase stock at $10 per share than at $100 per share. Hence, when share prices have moved up considerably, publicly-listed companies declare stock split.ConclusionOne way or another, the stock itself may change, whether it is a stock split or a stock dividend.   It is crucial that an investor must be fully aware of the character of corporate actions to understand how a corporate decision affects his interest in the business. Corporate action may bring a change in the stock (â€Å"Corporate†).Whether it is cash dividend or stock dividend, dividends matter. It is the evidence of profitability.   It offers unvarying return on a less secure investment. Dividends grow as the company grows thus providing more economic value to the investors. Some investors profit from dividends.   Investors would purchase stocks right after dividend is declared and sell it after collecting the dividend, thus, receiving dividend at no cost.   However, this does not usually happen successfully as the dividend payout reflects immediately the stock price.It is important that an investor understands stock splits.   Stock splits do not change the equity of the company or the net assets of t he business.   Board of directors approves stock splits to maintain high level of trading activity of its stock. Sometimes a reverse stock split is decided to discourage small investors and maintain its status because a relatively low stock price is considered highly speculative and often trades over the counter.